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PART Ⅰ:FIXATION15

1 Introduction to Fixation19

2 The Reactions of Fixatives with Proteins.1.The Visible Effects31

3 The Reactions of Fixatives with Proteins.2.The Chemi-cal Changes44

4 The Reactions of Fixatives with Tissues and Cells:Methods of Research66

5 Primary Fixatives Considered Separately.1.Coagulants89

6 Primary Fixatives Considered Separately.2.Non-coagulants111

7 Fixative Mixtures139

PART Ⅱ:DYEING153

8 Introduction to the Chemical Composition of Dyes155

9 The Classification of Dyes169

10 The Direct Attachment of Dyes to Tissues187

11 The Indirect Attachment of Dyes to Tissues207

12 The Differential Action of Dyes228

13 Metachromasy243

14 The Blood Dyes262

15 Introduction to Vital Colouring274

16 The Mode of Action of Vital Dyes284

17 A Comparison between Dyeing and other Processes of Colouring296

APPENDIX313

1 The composition of solutions expressed as percentages:conventions adopted in this book313

2 Experiments on fixation314

3 Experiments on dyeing321

4 Use of the word‘chromatin’327

5 Notes on spelling329

List of References331

Index345

Fig.1.Graphical representation of the changes in volume undergone by gelatine/albumin gels during 18 hours in various fixatives36

Fig.2.Pipettes used in the measurement of the rate of penetration of fixatives into gelatine/albumin gel38

Fig.3.Graph showing the rate of penetration of fixatives into gelatine/albumin gel39

Fig.4.Protein coagula seen under the microscope41

Fig.5(plate).A,lobes of the liver of the rabbit left for 25 hours in fixatives and then cut across B—E,photomicrographs illustrating Young’s ex-periments on the addition of indifferent salts to fixatives267

Fig.6.A cell from the intestine of Oniscus (woodlouse),fixed in mercuric chloride:to show the coagulation of protoplasm67

Fig.7.Graph showing the thickness of rabbit-liver fixed by a saturated aqueous solution of mercuric chlor-ide in various times68

Fig.8(plate).The effect of ftxatives on cultured cells from the chorioid or sclerotic coat of the eye of the chick embyro70

Fig.9(plate).Sections of the testis of the mouse,to show good and bad fixation74

Fig.10.Outlines of the fully-grown primary spermatocyte of the snail,Helix aspersa,to show the effect of fixa-tion and subsequent treatment on the size of the cell79

Fig.11.Graph showing the effect of fixation and subsequent treatment on the volume of the nuclei of cartilage-cells80

Fig.12.Graph showing how the volume of the eggs of Ar-bacia pustulosa is affected by the addition of non-fixative salts to formaldehyde solution82

Fig.13.Diagram showing the coefficient of elasticity of the belly-muscle of the cat,fixed in various ways87

Fig.14.Graphical representation of the ions present in a 2.5% aqueous solution of potassium dichromate and in a solution of chromium trioxide containing the same weight of chromium105

Fig.15.Photomicrographs of lecithin smeared on glass.A,in distilled water,showing outgrowth of myelin forms;B,in a concentrated solution of calcium chloride,showing absence of myelin forms115

Fig.16.Three Ringk？rner and a cap or hood (Kapuze)formed by partial solution of lipid globules:osmium preparations125

Fig.17.Graph showing the transmission of light through a layer I cm thick of basic fuchsine, 0.00062% aqueous161

Fig.18.Graph showing the reciprocals of the transmission of light through a layer I cm thick of basic fuchsine,0.00062% aqueous162

Fig.19.Graph showing the optical density of a layer I cm thick of basic fuchsine, 0.00062% aqueous163

Fig.20.Graph showing the transmission of light through a layer I cm thick of acid fuchsine, 0.00293% aqueous165

Fig.21(plate).Haematoxylon campechianum172

Fig.22(plate).The cochineal insect and its food-plant176

Fig.23(plate).Apparatus for cataphoretie experiments with dyes189

Fig.24(plate). Ehrlich at the age of 24193

Fig.25.Diagrammatic representation of the dyeing of coilodion by typical basic,amphoteric,and acid dyes194

Fig.26.Diagrammatic representation of the dyeing of gela-tine by typical basic,amphoteric,and acid dyes195

Fig.27.Graph showing the transmission of light of various wave-lengths through toluidine blue solution250

Fig.28(coloured plate).A,human blood from a patient with mycloid leucaemia;coloured by Ehrlich’s‘Triacid’ dye (from Ehrlich ＆ Lazarus169)B,normal human blood dyed by Leishman’s method (from Carleton ＆ Short,106 by permission of Messrs Longmans,Green ＆ Co.)264

Fig.29(plate).Ehrlich at about the time when his work on vital dyes was merging into chemotherapy274