PREVENTING IRREPARABLE HARM.PROVISIONAL MEASURES IN INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS ADJUDICATION2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载

PREVENTING IRREPARABLE HARM.PROVISIONAL MEASURES IN INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS ADJUDICATIONPDF格式电子书版下载

注意：本站所有压缩包均有解压码： 点击下载压缩包解压工具

PARTⅠ: SETTING3

INTRODUCTION3

CHAPTER Ⅰ DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES BY THE ICJ AND ITLOS5

1 Introduction5

2 The authority to use provisional measures5

2.1 Introduction5

2.2 Proprio motu use6

2.3 Transparency, promptness and delegation9

3 The purpose of provisional measures in general intemational law12

3.1 Introduction12

3.2 Adjudication of conflicts between States: the traditional purpose of provisional measures13

3.2.1 Introduction13

3.2.2 Preservation of rights and prevention of prejudice14

3.2.3 Preservation of or return to the status quo/non-anticipation of the judgment15

3.2.4 Non-aggravation or extension of the dispute16

3.2.5 Preserving the integrity of the proceedings/preserving the evidence19

3.2.6 Preventing serious harm to the （marine） environment20

3.2.7 Preventing irreparable harm21

3.3 Conflicts between States with regard to the protection of the individual22

3.3.1 Introduction22

3.3.2 Protecting nationals23

3.3.3 Protecting diplomats and other nationals23

3.3.4 Protecting people in border conflict cases: collateral human beings26

3.3.5 Releasing crew and the protection of the （marine） environment28

3.3.6 Halting gross human rights violations29

3.3.7 Protecting nationals: halting executions31

3.4 Preventing irreparable harm and the humanization of international law36

3.4.1 Introduction36

3.4.2 Humanization37

3.4.3 The concept of irreparable harm38

3.5 The relation to the rights claimed and the possible judgment on the merits39

3.6 Provisional measures and prejudgment41

3.7 Protection and reparation46

3.7.1 Introduction46

3.7.2 Action and abstention: positive obligations in Orders for provisional measures47

3.7.3 Specificity of decisions about provisional measures47

3.7.4 Relation to reparation51

3.8 The beneficiaries of provisional measures and the rights of the addressees55

3.8.1 Introduction55

3.8.2 Rights by proxy （diplomatic protection）55

3.8.3 General interest56

3.8.4 Third parties' rights and obligations56

3.8.5 Rights of the addressee States57

4 Jurisdiction on the merits and the use of provisional measures59

4.1 Decision-making on jurisdictional issues65

4.2 Removing cases from the Court's List （docket） to discourage requests for provisional measures65

4.3 The development of international law and Article IX Genocide Convention as a jurisdictional basis for provisional measures67

4.4 Armed conflict and CEDAW as a jurisdictional basis for provisional measures69

4.5 Provisional measures and forum prorogatum71

4.6 ITLOS and prima facie jurisdiction71

4.7 The duration of provisional measures73

5 Assessment of urgency74

5.1 Introduction74

5.2 Assessment of temporal urgency75

5.3 Assessment of material urgency77

5.3.1 Introduction77

5.3.2 Material urgency78

5.3.3 The preventive and precautionary principles83

6 The legal status of provisional measures87

7 Following up on official State responses90

7.1 ICJ Rules on follow-up90

7.2 ITLOS Rules on follow-up91

7.3 Follow-up in death penalty cases91

7.4 Follow-up in the context of armed conflict95

8 Conclusion98

CHAPTER Ⅱ THE USE OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE VARIOUS HUMAN RIGHTS SYSTEMS103

1 Introduction103

2 Human Rights Committee103

2.1 Introduction103

2.2 The right of individual complaint: the HRC and the OP to the ICCPR104

2.3 The power and promptness of the HRC to take provisional measures105

2.3.1 Introduction105

2.3.2 The power of the HRC to use provisional measures106

2.3.3 Promptness and delegation106

2.3.4 Explaining promptness and tardiness108

2.3.4.1 Introduction108

2.3.4.2 Death penalty cases110

2.3.4.3 Detention and disappearance cases111

2.3.4.4 Cases involving threats to indigenous culture115

2.3.4.5 Urgency after registration of the petition116

2.3.5 Contacting the addressee State with provisional measures116

2.3.6 Related Rules of Procedure119

2.3.7 Proprio motu use of provisional measures120

2.3.8 Withdrawing provisional measures122

2.4 Decisions of the HRC to take provisional measures: transparency or the lack thereof?123

2.4.1 Introduction123

2.4.2 Secondary literature and visit of the Geneva Secretariat123

2.4.3 Drafting history Rule 86 （current Rule 92）124

2.4.4 Separate publication of decisions on provisional measures124

2.4.5 Information in the Annual Reports125

2.4.6 Information in the Committee's Views and inadmissibility decisions126

2.4.7 Dividing decisions in time-periods depending on the availabili of information127

2.4.8 The relevance of discontinued cases129

2.4.9 No information on pending cases130

2.4.10 Construing the purpose of provisional measures from the Committee's case law131

3 CAT, CEDAW and CERD132

3.1 Introduction132

3.2 The right of individual complaint and CERD, CAT and CEDAW134

3.3 Power and promptness of CAT and CEDAW to take provisional measures and the possibilities of the new Committee against Disappearances135

3.3.1 Introduction135

3.3.2 Promptness and delegation137

3.3.3 Proprio motu139

3.3.4 Withdrawing provisional measures139

3.4 Decisions of CAT and CEDAW to take provisional measures: transparency or the lack thereof?141

4 The Inter-American human rights system144

4.1 Introduction144

4.2 Right of individual complaint and the Inter-American Commission and Court145

4.2.1 Introduction145

4.2.2 Inter-American Commission145

4.2.3 The Inter-American Court148

4.3 Power and promptness of the Inter-American Commission and Court149

4.3.1 Introduction149

4.3.2 The Commission's Rules of Procedure （2000/2003）152

4.3.3 The Court's competence152

4.3.4 Delegation and consultation153

4.3.5 Promptness155

4.3.6 Proprio motu156

4.4 Decisions by the Inter-American Commission and Court to take provisional measures: transparency or the lack thereof?158

4.4.1 Introduction158

4.4.2 The Commission159

4.4.3 The Court163

5 The African human rights system165

5.1 Introduction165

5.2 The right of individual complaint before the African Commission and Court165

5.3 Power and promptness in the African system167

5.4 Decisions to use provisional measures: transparency or the lack thereof?169

6 The European human rights system170

6.1 Introduction170

6.2 The right of individual complaint170

6.3 Power and promptness in the European system173

6.3.1 Introduction173

6.3.2 Inter-State cases175

6.3.3 Delegation and promptness176

6.3.4 Proprio motu178

6.4 Decisions to use provisional measures: transparency or the lack thereof?178

7 The Bosnia Human Rights Chamber182

7.1 Introduction182

7.2 The right of individual complaint182

7.3 The power and promptness of the Bosnia Human Chamber184

7.3.1 Introduction184

7.3.2 Delegation185

7.3.3 Proprio motu use and withdrawal of provisional measures186

7.3.4 Continuity186

7.4 Decisions to use provisional measures: transparency or the lack thereof?187

8 Conclusion188

8.1 The authority to use provisional measures188

8.1.1 Introduction188

8.1.2 Proprio motu use189

8.1.3 Delegation189

8.2 Publication and motivation of provisional measures189

8.3 Convergence or divergence?191

CONCLUSION199

PART Ⅱ: PURPOSE205

INTRODUCTION205

CHAPTER Ⅲ HALTING EXECUTIONS213

1 Introduction213

2 Practice214

2.1 Introduction214

2.2 ECHR214

2.3 Inter-American Commission and Court215

2.4 HRC218

3 Relation between provisional measures to halt expulsion or extan execution and the expected decision on the merits219

3.1 Introduction219

3.2 Prejudgment222

3.3 The published Orders of the Inter-American Court to halt executions225

3.4 Unpublished provisional measures to halt executions227

3.4.1 Introduction227

3.4.2 The right to life as such228

3.4.2.1 ECtHR228

3.4.2.2 Bosnia and Protocol No. 6 to the ECHR （abolition in peace time）231

3.4.2.3 HRC and the right to life as such233

3.4.3 The right to life and the person of the petitioner233

3.4.4 The right to life and the fairness of the proceedings239

3.4.4.1 Trial in public and the prohibition of forced confessions240

3.4.4.2 The right to consular notification240

3.4.4.3 Freedom from ex post facto laws241

3.4.4.4 Independence and impartiality of the judiciary241

3.4.4.5 Rights of amnesty, pardon or commutation and the prohibition to execute persons pending judicial or administrative proceedings243

3.4.4.6 Right to counsel243

3.4.4.7 Adequate time and facilities to prepare a defence245

3.4.4.8 Right to appeal and effective representation on appeal246

3.4.4.9 Undue delay247

3.4.4.10 The lack of a written judgment by domestic courts249

3.4.5 The death row phenomenon250

4 Conclusion255

CHAPTER Ⅳ HALTING CORPORAL PUNISHMENT257

1 Introduction257

2 The practice of the adjudicators to take provisional measures to halt corporal punishment257

3 Relation between provisional measures to halt corporal punishment and the expected decision on the merits259

4 Conclusion263

CHAPTER Ⅴ HALTING EXPULSION OR EXTRADITION IN NON-REFOULEMENT CASES265

1 Introduction265

2 Practice265

2.1 Introduction265

2.2 CAT266

2.3 HRC267

2.4 European Commission and Court271

2.5 African Commission273

2.6 Inter-American Commission274

2.7 Bosnia Chamber279

3 Relation between provisional measures to halt expulsion or extradition and the expected decision on the merits280

3.1 Introduction280

3.2 Future violations in another State280

3.2.1 Introduction280

3.2.2 Obligation ‘to ensure281

3.2.3 The ICCPR and re-introduction of the death penal through extradition287

3.3 Findings ratione materiae290

3.3.1 Introduction290

3.3.2 Death row phenomenon292

3.3.3 Life imprisonment294

3.3.4 Lack of proper care296

3.4 Findings ratione personae302

3.4.1 Introduction302

3.4.2 Indirect danger through removal302

3.4.3 Threats by non-State actors303

3.4.4 Extraordinary renditions and other forms of transfer304

4 Conclusion306

CHAPTER Ⅵ LOCATING AND PROTECTING DISAPPEARED PERSONS309

1 Introduction309

2 Practice310

2.1 HRC311

2.2 Inter-American Commission313

2.3 European system316

2.4 Bosnia Chamber316

3 Relation between provisional measures locate and protect disappeared persons and the expected decision on the merits317

3.1 Introduction317

3.2 HRC317

3.3 Inter-American system319

3.4 European system321

3.5 Bosnia Chamber324

4 Conclusion326

CHAPTER Ⅶ INTERVENING IN DETENTION SITUATIONS INVOLVING RISKS TO HEALTH AND DIGNITY329

1 Introduction329

2 Practice330

2.1 Introduction330

2.2 Protecting against certain interrogation methods and other ill treatment330

2.2.1 European system330

2.2.2 Inter-American system332

2.3 Requests for information on the health situation of detainees338

2.4 Ensuring access to health care in detention343

2.4.1 Introduction343

2.4.2 HRC343

2.4.3 Inter-American system349

2.4.4 African system350

2.4.5 European system352

2.5 Protecting particularly vulnerable detainees353

2.5.1 Introduction353

2.5.2 Protecting the health and safety of minors in detention353

2.5.3 （Method of） confinement and protecting detainees in psychological distress360

2.5.4 Protecting detainees on a hunger strike363

2.6 Access to health care for death row inmates?366

3 Relation between provisional measures to intervene in detention situations and the expected decision on the merits371

3.1 Introduction371

3.2 HRC372

3.3 Inter-American system375

3.4 African system379

3.5 European system380

4 Conclusion382

CHAPTER Ⅷ ENSURING PROCEDURAL RIGHTS TO PROTECT THE RIGHT TO LIFE AND PERSONALINTEGRITY385

1 Introduction385

2 The practice of the adjudicators386

2.1 Introduction386

2.2 HRC386

2.3 Inter-American system388

2.4 African system392

2.5 European system393

3 Relation between provisional measures to ensure procedural rights and the expected decision on the merits396

3.1 Introduction396

3.2 Status of auxiliary rights397

3.3 Effective control401

4 Conclusion402

CHAPTER Ⅸ PROTECTING AGAINST DEATH THREATS AND HARASSMENT405

1 Introduction405

2 The practice of the adjudicators to take provisional measures to halt death threats and harassment406

2.1 Introduction406

2.2 Protecting persons involved in intetnational human rights adjudication406

2.2.1 Introduction406

2.2.2 Inter-American Commission and Court407

2.2.3 African system410

2.2.4 CAT411

2.2.5 HRC411

2.2.6 ECtHR415

2.3 Protecting persons bringing a claim regarding death threats and harassment417

2.3.1 Introduction417

2.3.2 Persons involved in domestic （human rights） investigations417

2.3.3 Human rights defenders generally419

2.3.4 Peace Community423

2.3.5 Union leaders425

2.3.6 Persons involved in land disputes and indigenous communities426

2.3.7 Refugees and internally displaced persons428

2.3.8 Detainees428

2.3.9 Journalists429

2.3.10 Politicians and govern ment offiicials430

2.3.11 CEDAW and domestic violence431

3 Relation between provisional measures to halt death threats and harassment and the expected decision on the merits432

3.1 Introduction432

3.2 Inter-American system434

3.3 HRC435

3.4 HRC and death threats on death row440

3.5 CAT443

3.6 CEDAW443

3.7 Inter-American Commission and Court444

3.8 ECtHR446

4 Conclusion448

CHAPTER Ⅹ PROTECTING （INDIGENOUS） CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS RIGHTS451

1 Introduction451

2 The practice of the adjudicators to take provisional measures to protect cultural or religious rights451

2.1 Introduction451

2.2 HRC451

2.3 Inter-American Commission457

2.4 Inter-American Coutyrt461

2.5 African Commission463

2.6 Bosnia Human Rights Chamber and cultural/religious survival465

3 Relation between provisional measures to protect cultural and religious rights and the expected decision on the merits468

3.1 Introduction468

3.2 Self-determination470

3.3 Land rights and collective aspects of the right to culture471

3.4 Moment of infringement-moment of irreparability488

3.5 Collective rights and human dignity: special status right to culture of indigenous peoples489

3.6 Consultation of indigenous peoples and impact assessment494

4 Conclusion497

CHAPTER Ⅺ HALTING MASS OR ARBITRARY EXPULSION AND FORCED EVICTION501

1 Introduction501

2 The practice of the adjudicators to take provisional measures to halt mass or arbitrary expulsion and forced eviction502

2.1 Introduction502

2.2 The Inter-American system502

2.3 African Commission507

2.4 ECtHR508

2.5 Bosnia Chamber508

3 Relation between provisional measures to halt mass or arbitrary expulsion and forced eviction and the expected decision on the merits509

3.1 Introduction509

3.2 Mass and arbitrary expulsion510

3.3 Forced eviction517

4 Conclusion520

CHAPTER Ⅻ PROVISIONAL MEASURES IN OTHER SITUATIONS523

1 Introduction523

2 Towards the common core or towards the outer limits?523

2.1 Introduction523

2.2 Providing assistance in life threatening situations or situations violating personal integrity525

2.2.1 Introduction525

2.2.2 Practice of the European Commission on Human Rights525

2.2.3 Practice of the Bosnia Chamber526

2.2.4 Practice of the Inter-American Commission to ensure HIV medication outside of the detention context526

2.2.5 Practice of the Inter-American Commission to call for the provision of humanitarian support528

2.2.6 Conclusion530

2.3 Protecting the physical or mental integrity of minors531

2.3.1 Introduction531

2.3.2 Children of disappeared parents532

2.3.3 Children who have suffered abuse from their parents or caretakers534

2.3.4 Conclusion535

2.4 Protection against nuclear radiation535

2.5 Preservation of IVF embryos540

2.6 Releasing from （prolonged） arbitrary detention541

2.6.1 Introduction541

2.6.2 Practice in the Inter-American system542

2.6.3 Practice in the African system549

2.6.4 Practice by the EComHR549

2.6.5 Practice by the Bosnia Chamber550

2.6.6 Conclusion551

2.7 Preventing impunity553

2.7.1 Introduction553

2.7.2 Practice554

2.7.3 Conclusion557

2.8 Protecting the independence of the judiciary in the context of harassment558

2.8.1 Introduction558

2.8.2 The practice in the Inter-American system559

2.8.3 Conclusion562

2.9 Preserving evidence562

2.9.1 Introduction562

2.9.2 Practice563

2.9.3 Conclusion563

2.10 Halting the destruction of a work of art564

2.11 Securing political rights565

2.11.1 Introduction565

2.11.2 Practice of the Bosnia Chamber565

2.11.3 Inter-American practice566

2.11.4 Conclusion568

3 Beyond the outer limits?568

3.1 Introduction568

3.2 Halting deportation in ‘family life type' cases （not involving non-refoulement）569

3.3 Protecting freedom of expression and access to information （without threats to life and physical integrity）577

3.3.1 Introduction577

3.3.2 Inter-American practice578

3.3.3 Conclusion583

3.4 Halting the judicial seizure of assets or other financial measures584

4 Conclusion586

CHAPTER ⅩⅢ PROTECTION589

1 Introduction589

2 Action or abstention: positive obligations in Orders for provisional measures589

2.1 Introduction589

2.2 Positive obligations implied in orders to abstainom acting590

2.3 Positive obligations on the merits590

2.4 Explicit positive obligations in provisional measures591

2.5 Conclusion593

3 The specificity of provisional measures594

3.1 Introduction594

3.2 Cautious phrasing and lack of precedent597

3.3 Specific requirements found in orders for provisional measures598

3.3.1 Introduction598

3.3.2 Concrete provisional measures in various issue areas598

3.3.2.1 Halting executions598

3.3.2.2 Protecting the life and personal integrity of recently disappeared persons598

3.3.2.3 Protecting the life and personal integrity of detainees599

3.3.2.4 Preventing expulsion or extradition605

3.3.2.5 Physical protection against death threats605

3.3.2.6 Protection against mass expulsion607

3.3.2.7 Protecting freedom of expression609

3.3.2.8 Protecting a range of rights609

3.3.3 An incremental approach to specificity: the Peace Community and death threats and harassment611

3.3.3.1 Introduction611

3.3.3.2 Preventing forced displacement612

3.3.3.3 Confronting the paramilitaries613

3.3.3.4 Official recognition of human rights defenders614

3.3.3.5 Practical measures for physical protection615

3.3.3.6 Protecting free passage615

3.3.3.7 Investigation and prosecution616

3.3.3.8 Respect other rights617

3.3.4 The obligation of the State and the Inter-American Commission to provideinformation618

3.4 Conclusion on the specificity of provisional measures619

4 The beneficiaries and addressees of provisional measures623

4.1 Introduction623

4.2 The relation between beneficiaries, petitioners and addressees624

4.2.1 Petitioners and victims624

4.2.2 Individuals or groups626

4.2.3 Addressees629

4.2.4 The petitioner as addressee630

4.2.5 Rights of addressees632

4.2.6 Indirect beneficiaries634

4.3 Consent, consultation and representation634

4.3.1 Introduction634

4.3.2 Beneficiaries and their consent635

4.3.3 Consultation636

4.3.4 Representation and collective rights637

4.4 Extending the group of beneficiaries, identification and representation642

4.4.1 Introduction642

4.4.2 Extending the group of beneficiaries642

4.4.3 Early warning645

4.4.4 Individual identification of each beneficiary?645

4.4.4.1 Introduction645

4.4.4.2 Mass expulsion646

4.4.4.3 Protection of Peace Community648

4.4.4.4 More generalised provisional measures650

4.4.5 Identification and representation653

4.5 Conclusion on beneficiaries and addressees of provisional measures654

5 The relation to cessation, assurances of non-repetition and reparation656

5.1 Introduction656

5.2 Provisional measures and reparation658

5.3 Provisional measures and cessation, non-repetition, reparation: a unison of purpose660

5.4 A continuum of protection666

5.4.1 Introduction666

5.4.2 Halting corporal punishment and the expected obligations on the merits666

5.4.3 Halting expulsion and extradition and the expected obligations on the merits668

5.4.4 Health and whereabouts and the expected obligations on the merits669

5.4.5 Death threats and harassment and the expected obligations on the merits670

5.4.6 Cultural survival and the expected obligations on the merits672

5.4.7 Halt interrogation techniques and the expected obligations on the merits678

5.5 Halting executions and the expected obligations on the merits and reparations678

5.5.1 Introduction678

5.5.2 The rationale of the Committee's approach until its General Comment （2004）679

5.5.3 HRC General Comment on the right to an effective remedy （Art. 2 ICCPR）686

5.5.4 The Inter-American practice regarding obligations on the merits and reparation in death penalty cases688

5.5.5 Conclusion on halting executions and the expected obligations on the merits and reparation691

5.6 Conclusion on the relation of provisional measures to cessation, assurances of non-repetition and reparations691

6 Conclusion: protecting the beneficiary against irreparable harm694

CONCLUSION697

1 Introduction697

2 Common core and outer limits of the concept699

2.1 Introduction699

2.2 Common core: preventing irreparable harm to persons700

2.2.1 Introduction700

2.2.2 Protecting the right to life and preventing torture and cruel treatment705

2.2.3 Protecting cultural survival708

2.2.4 Protecting against mass expulsion, internal displacement and forced eviction713

2.3 Outer limits: preventing irreversible harm to the claim or procedure715

3 Protective measures, merits and reparation719

4 Conclusion724

PART Ⅲ: IMPACT OF THE IRREPARABLE NATURE OF THE HARMINTRODUCTION729

CHAPTER ⅩⅣ JURISDICTION AND ADMISSIBILITY731

1 Introduction731

2 Jurisdiction and provisional measures732

2.1 Introduction732

2.2 Addressees and extraterritoriality733

2.3 Reservations and denunciation and provisional measures halting executions738

2.3.1 Introduction738

2.3.2 HRC738

2.3.3 IACHR742

2.3.4 Distinguishing the ICJ approach to jurisdiction746

2.4 The Inter-American Court's jurisdiction to maintain provisional measures in matters that will never be brought to it on the merits748

2.5 Use of provisional measures beyond inadmissibility or beyond judgments on the merits and reparation754

3 Admissibility and provisional measures759

3.1 Introduction759

3.2 The HRC's discussion on the relation between admissibility and provisional measures759

3.3 Provisional measures and opening a case in the Inter-American system762

3.4 Exhaustion of domestic remedies764

3.4.1 Introduction764

3.4.2 Exhaustion and threats765

3.4.3 Habeas corpus and patterns of violations765

3.4.4 Exhaustion and suspensive effect in non-refoulement cases768

3.4.5 Absence of legal aid773

3.4.6 Exhaustion, availability of a written judgment and maintaining provisional measures beyond inadmissibility776

3.4.7 Exhaustion in death penalty cases not relating to the availability of a written judgment777

3.4.8 Suspensive effect and cultural survival780

3.4.9 Conclusion782

3.5 Provisional measures and the likelihood of inadmissibility for reasons other than non-exhaustion782

3.5.1 Introduction782

3.5.2 Manifestly unfounded or an abuse of process?783

3.5.3 Same matter784

3.5.4 Dayton and jurisdiction ratione temporis785

3.6 Admissibility criteria and the two kinds of provisional measures in the new Convention against Disappearances786

4 Conclusion787

CHAPTER ⅩⅤ IMMEDIACY AND RISK791

1 Introduction791

2 Assessment of temporal urgency792

2.1 Introduction792

2.2 Immediacy in death penalty cases792

2.3 Immediacy in expulsion and extradition cases796

2.4 Immediacy of the risk in cases involving death threats799

2.5 Immediacy in cases involving indigenous culture799

3 The likelihood of risk802

3.1 Introduction802

3.2 The practice of the human rights adjudicators803

3.2.1 Introduction803

3.2.2 Sketching the contours of the assessment of risk for the use of provisional measures804

3.2.3 Death penalty cases and assessment of risk808

3.2.3.1 Introduction808

3.2.3.2 Right to counsel809

3.2.3.3 Disputes about facts and evidence812

3.2.4 Non-refoulement cases and assessment of risk817

3.2.4.1 Introduction817

3.2.4.2 Assessment of risk by CAT818

3.2.4.3 Assessment of risk by the HRC820

3.2.4.4 Assessment of risk in the European system828

3.2.4.5 The Inter-American Court and mass expulsion833

3.2.4.6 Diplomatic assurances and lifting provisional measures836

3.2.5 Health in detention and assessment of risk842

3.2.6 Death threats and assessment of risk846

3.2.6.1 Introduction846

3.2.6.2 Evidentiary requirements for provisional measures in the Inter-American system846

3.2.6.3 Denying requests for provisional measures851

3.2.6.4 Lifting provisional measures in cases of death threats852

3.2.7 Cultural survival and assessment of risk855

3.2.8 Nuclear tests and assessment of risk860

4 The relevance of the preventive and precautionary approach862

4.1 Introduction862

4.2 The relationship between provisional measures and the preventive and precautionary approach863

4.3 Criteria for the precautionary approach in human rights cases865

5 Conclusion868

5.1 Assessment of temporal urgency868

5.2 Assessment of risk868

5.2.1 Introduction868

5.2.2 Assessment of risk: right to life and prohibition of torture and cruel treatment869

5.2.3 Assessment of risk: irreparable harm to indigenous culture871

5.2.4 Conclusion on the assessment of risk at the stage of provisional measures874

5.2.4.1 Introduction874

5.2.4.2 Standard of proof and shifting the burden875

5.2.4.3 Scrutiny and the precautionary principle876

5.2.4.4 Risk and non-anticipation878

CHAPTER ⅩⅥ THE LEGAL STATUS OF PROVISIONAL MEASURES IN HUMAN RIGHTS ADJUDICATION881

1 Introduction881

2 The practice of the adjudicators with regard to the legal status of provisional measures882

2.1 Introduction882

2.2 The legal status of decisions on the merits by the HRC and its relevance to the legal status of the Committee's provisional measures882

2.3 Systems referring to provisional measures in the treaty text888

2.3.1 Introduction888

2.3.2 The treaty texts on provisional measures888

2.3.3 The case law of the Inter-American Court890

2.4 Systems referring to provisional measures solely in the Rules of Procedure894

2.4.1 Introduction894

2.4.2 Rules of Procedure on provisional measures895

2.4.3 Pertinent case law on the legal status of provisional measures898

2.4.3.1 Introduction898

2.4.3.2 HRC on the legal status of its provisional measures898

2.4.3.3 The attitude of the adjudicators to frustration of the right of petition through pre-emption of the possibility to request provisional measures903

2.4.3.4 CAT on the legal status of its provisional measures903

2.4.3.5 Inter-American Commission on the legal status of its precautionary measures905

2.4.3.6 African Commission on the legal status of its provisional measures908

2.4.3.7 European Commission on the legal status of its provisional measures908

2.4.3.8 ECtHR on the legal status of provisional measures911

2.4.4 The status of provisional measures: Mamatkulov singled out912

2.4.4.1 Introduction912

2.4.4.2 Mamatkulov and treaty interpretation912

2.4.4.3 Evaluation of the Court's treaty interpretation916

2.4.4.4 Reference to other human rights systems918

2.4.4.5 Evaluation of the dissenters' position on the reference to the practice of other adjudicators920

2.4.4.6 Mamatkulov and general principles of international law921

2.4.4.7 Evaluation of the dissenting opinion with regard to general principles923

2.4.4.8 Explaining the reversal925

2.4.4.9 Evaluation of the Court's explanation of the reversal926

2.4.4.10 Developments since Mamatkulov929

3 Principles of interpretation and general principles of law930

4 Conclusion933

CONCLUSION937

INTRODUCTION941

CHAPTER ⅩⅦ THE OFFICIAL RESPONSES OF ADDRESSEE STATES TO PROVISIONAL MEASURES943

1 Introduction943

2 Compliance945

2.1 Introduction945

2.2 A range of attitudes towards implementation of provisional measures946

2.2.1 Introduction946

2.2.2 Various responses to provisional measures to halt executions946

2.2.2.1 Introduction946

2.2.2.2 Explicitly positive response by the State948

2.2.2.3 Level of compliance by Trinidad with provisional measures of the Inter-American Commission and Court950

2.2.3 Various responses to provisional measures to halt expulsion and extradition951

2.2.3.1 Introduction951

2.2.3.2 Examples of compliance and non-compliance in the European system and under the ICCPR952

2.2.3.3 Pre-empting the use of provisional measures: speed of deportation954

2.2.3.4 Requests for withdrawal of provisional measures955

2.2.3.5 Invoking contrary obligations under international law957

2.2.4 Various responses to provisional measures to intervene in detention and disappearance cases958

2.2.4.1 Disappearance cases958

2.2.4.2 Health and safety in detention959

2.2.4.3 Immigration detention involving minors960

2.2.4.4 Separate minors from adult detainees962

2.2.4.5 Hostile response, but situation of detainee remedied962

2.2.5 Responses to provisional measures to ensure access to health care outside the detention context963

2.2.5.1 Introduction963

2.2.5.2 Ensure access to HIV medication963

2.2.5.3 Ensure access to health care to survivors of a massacre965

2.2.6 Various responses to provisional measures aimed at protecting against death threats965

2.2.6.1 Introduction965

2.2.6.2 Lack of specificity in response: we are taking ‘the appropriate steps'967

2.2.6.3 Investigate, prosecute, punish967

2.2.6.4 Specific measures972

2.2.6.5 Provisional measures as leverage for those individuals within government that are indeed interested in preventing irreparable harm972

2.2.6.6 Compliance affer regime change974

2.2.6.7 Formalised protection program975

2.2.6.8 Timeliness and specificity of the State's reporting on implementation976

2.2.6.9 Proactive measures by the State: voluntary precautionary measures976

3 Stated reasons for non-compliance977

3.1 Introduction977

3.2 Disagreement with the （temporart） outcome of the normative process978

3.3 Communication of the provisional measures and disagreement with the decision-making process981

3.3.1 Introduction981

3.3.2 Lack of due process981

3.3.3 Delays983

3.3.4 Procedural duration: what is provisional?986

3.3.5 Disputing the binding nature of provisional measures or the authority to take them986

3.3.6 Reputation, clear communication, visibility and specificity992

3.4 The domestic situation995

3.4.1 Introduction995

3.4.2 Attitude of domestic courts towards international adjudicators996

3.4.3 ‘Sorry: we can't comply'1001

3.4.3.1 Introduction1001

3.4.3.2 ‘We lack the authority to take measures'1001

3.4.3.3 ‘You are not being fair: we cannot do the impossible'1002

3.4.4 ‘Sorry: it is not our responsibility'1003

3.4.4.1 Introduction1003

3.4.4.2 The matter is a ‘private problem between individuals1003

3.4.4.3 ‘It is the previous government's fault'1004

3.4.4.4 ‘Implementation is the prerogative of the relevant constituent state in thisfederation'1004

3.4.5 ‘We won't comply'1005

3.4.5.1 Introduction1005

3.4.5.2 Domestic concerns including State security and public safety1005

3.4.5.3 Generally negative attitude towards international supervision1014

3.4.5.3.1 Introduction1014

3.4.5.3.2 ‘No foreign meddling with judicial orders or lawfully imposed sentences'1014

3.4.5.3.3 ‘We don't need outsiders'1015

3.4.5.3.4 ‘Our own system of protection suffices'1015

3.4.5.3.5 ‘Dangerous international law'1016

3.4.5.3.6 ‘We decide how our country should be run'1017

3.4.5.3.7 Conclusion on domestic reasons for non-compliance1017

4 Conclusion1018

CHAPTER ⅩⅧ FOLLOW-UP ON NON-COMPLIANCE1021

1 Introduction1021

2 Follow-up by the adjudicators1021

2.1 Introduction1021

2.2 Monitoring compliance1022

2.2.1 Introduction1022

2.2.2 The gradual approach of the HRC1022

2.2.3 Follow-up by the HRC on halting executions1026

2.2.4 Follow-up by the HRC on halting expulsion and extradition1033

2.2.5 One of the methods of follow-up: sending reminders1034

2.2.6 Follow-up by CAT1035

2.2.7 ‘Seguimiento' in the Inter-American system1036

2.2.8 Supervision and monitoring in the European system1048

2.2.9 Follow-up on provisional measures under the Dayton Accord1051

2.2.10 Follow-up as part of the different reporting procedures1052

2.3 Possible consequences attached to non-compliance with provisional measureswith regard to the admissibility and merits stage1053

2.3.1 Introduction1053

2.3.2 Deciding on admissibility1054

2.3.3 Evidentiary requirements: deciding on the merits1054

3 Follow-up by other authorities in various inter-State systems of cooperation1064

4 Follow-up by NGOs1069

5 Conclusion1076

CONCLUSION1077

GENERAL CONCLUSION1079

1 Introduction1079

2 The setting of provisional measures in human rights adjudication1080

2.1 Introduction1080

2.2 The humanisation of the traditional concept1080

2.3 The principle of effective protection and the inherent authority to take provisionalmeasures1082

2.4 Transparency or the lack thereof1083

2.5 Cross-fertilization1085

3 The purpose of provisional measures in human rights adjudication1088

3.1 Introduction1088

3.2 Within the common core: preventing irreparable harm to persons1089

3.3 Within or beyond the outer limits: preventing irreversible harm to the claim1093

3.4 The protection required1094

4 The impact of the irreparable nature of the harm1097

4.1 Introduction1097

4.2 Jurisdiction, admissibility and provisional measures1097

4.3 Immediacy, risk and provisional measures1100

4.4 The legal status of provisional measures1103

4.5 The principle of preventing irreparable harm and taking into account the inequality between the parties1105

5 Official State responses and follow-up by the adjudicators1106

6 An ‘ideal' provisional measure1108

SAMENV ATTING1111

BIBLIOGRAPHY1117

TABLE OF CASES1153

INDEX1185

CURRICULUM VITAE1195

SCHOOL OF HUMAN RIGHTS RESEARCH SERIES1197